'Miranshah from the air, a very murky day when I tried to locate his holiness', Royal Air Force, India, North West Frontier, 1937

Photograph, India, North West Frontier, 1937.

A photograph taken from an RAF aircraft flying over Miranshah. 'His holiness' refers to Ghazi Mirzali Khan Wazir, 'the Fakir of Ipi'. Miranshah was a hub for British frontier security operations. The Tochi Scouts was based there along with the RAF and the Political Agent for North Waziristan. Miranshah is now the administrative headquarters of North Waziristan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in Pakistan.

In late 1936 there was growing agitation against British rule in Waziristan, led by the Waziri leader Ghazi Mirzali Khan Wazir, 'the Fakir of Ipi'. In response the British launched a military operation into the Khaisora Valley, hoping that a show of strength alone would suffice to reduce unrest. However, the two main columns of troops met stiff resistance and their supply lines were disrupted, forcing them to retire. The operation's failure triggered a wider insurrection and the ensuing guerrilla war drew in more British and Indian forces. Over 30,000 troops, together with aircraft and armoured cars, were deployed to the region. Violence subsided in late 1937 and after brief flare-ups in 1938 and 1939 the North West Frontier was relatively quiet until India became independent in 1947.

The Royal Air Force developed close air support tactics in the 1930s and used the operations on the North West Frontier of India to test them. Six squadrons were deployed during the operations in Waziristan, primarily flying the Westland Wapiti, Hawker Hart and Hawker Audax aircraft. Larger bomber/transport aircraft such as Vickers Valentias were used for resupply and were, when fitted with external bomb racks, also used for air strikes.

From an album of 347 photographs compiled by Captain (later Major) Wynne Howes-Roberts, 1st Battalion 13th Frontier Force Rifles, India and UK, 1936-1937.